Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) in Sweden

Willingness to Participate in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) in Sweden, 2022 - Using an Electric Vehicle’s Battery for More Than Transport

1. Summary

Khezri, Steen, and Anh Tuan (2024) conducted a survey to Sweden EV owners for willingness to V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything). V2X has many functions including V2G, V2H, V2B, V2L, etc. The survey results indicate that Swedish EV owners are more interested in the V2H application than in V2G. They also express more concern about range anxiety than battery degradation due to the V2X application.

2. Methods

The team implemented a survey with 4 parts:

1. General background information - 4 questions
2. Claims related to their EV charging - 6 questions
3. V2G integration with EV - 9 questions
4. V2H application by EV - 5 questions

The program-related (sections 2-4) questions all provide answer alternatives from 1 (Don’t agree) to 10 (Fully agree), except for Q8 of V2G integration asking about charge & discharge control, which gives 8 options to choose from.

Below is a full list of survey questions:

Table 1: Survey Questions Part 1 - Background

Table 2: Survey Questions Part 2 - EV Charging

Table 3: Survey Questions Part 3 - V2G

Table 4: Survey Questions Part 4 - V2H

After Part 2, there are further questions asking about EV charging:

1. How did you charge your electric today?
2. Do you control the charging on time, or do you charge immediately after parking?
3. If you control the charging, do you control it manually or automatically?
4. How much you need to save per month for it to be relevant to control your charging?

3. Results

3.1 Part 1 - Background

1. There are 189 responses collected in this survey.
2. 88.1% are men.
3. 91.3% are EV owners.
4. 77.3% live in single-family houses.
5. 77.3% charge with individual chargers.

Table 5: Survey Result Part 1 - Background

3.2 Part 2 - EV Charging

Highlights of EV charging:

1. Nighttime charging control is a preferred option both for avoiding power peaks and/or lower prices.
2. Participants care about climate impact.
3. They also agree to avoid charging to full to project battery.

After part 2, there are questions asking “How did you charge your EV today”. The answers are as follows:

1. Manually (aka Unmanaged)
2. Immediate after parking
3. Automatically: smart charger (aka SMC)
4. Control it with an App (could be SMC or UMC)
5. Scheduling program of a car (aka UMC)

Figure 1: Survey Result Part 2 - EV Charging

3.3 Part 3 - V2G

Highlights of V2G:

1. Override is a must-have option.
2. Financial compensation and lower cost are mostly considered.
3. Participants care about a better environment achieved by V2G.
4. They also find V2G interesting.

Comments from Pingfan: This is the part that interests me the most. In my current version of the survey, I do have all these in our single choice questions or conjoint questions.

Figure 2: Survey Result Part 3 - V2G

Highlights of charging/discharging control:

1. Over a half (54.1%) don’t care if there’s no negative effect.
2. 3rd-party (44.9%), electricity provider (38.9%), and network operator (36.8%) are the mostly considered approaches.

Figure 3: Survey Result Part 3 - Charging/Discharging Control

3.4 Part 4 - V2H

V2H seems to be a more welcomed program than V2G since it’s beneficial completely to the EV owner.

Figure 4: Survey Result Part 4 - V2H

4. Gaps

1. The immediate problem I found is that, “Strongly disagree” and “Strongly Agree” seem to be the 2 mostly picked options, indicating the over-faceting of the levels.
2. I know the Swedish are rich, but that the test takers are mainly living in single-family houses, possessing EVs, and parking and charging in individual spaces, makes me being suspicious of the authenticity of the results. I’m afraid of click workers getting engaged.
3. This study, although generating a very positive adoption from the users, lacks in-depth discussion of the real implementation of the V2G or V2H programs.
4. Again, I want to introduce conjoint questions.

References

Khezri, Rahmat, David Steen, and Le Anh Tuan. 2024. “Willingness to Participate in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) in Sweden, 2022Using an Electric Vehicle’s Battery for More Than Transport.” Sustainability 16 (5): 1792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051792.